Electrolytes for a Hangover: What the Evidence Says and 6 Drinks Compared
Love Life Supplements
Reviewed by Sarah Law, Dip CNM, Naturopathic Nutritionist
Electrolytes for a hangover: alcohol makes you pass more urine for a few hours, so a heavy night costs some fluid and minerals, and an electrolyte drink is one convenient way to take that fluid back with sodium and potassium in it. What research has not shown is that electrolytes change the hangover itself: blood and urine studies found no link between electrolyte levels and how bad a hangover feels, and the US National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) says added electrolytes have not been shown to change hangover severity. Time, sleep, water and food are what the evidence supports. If you still want an electrolyte drink the morning after, choose on what is in the glass: we suggest a zero-sugar mix with a moderate amount of sodium plus potassium and magnesium, stirred into a full 500 ml of water. Our Love Life Supplements Ultimate Electrolytes gives 500 mg sodium, 500 mg potassium and 150 mg magnesium per serving with zero sugar, from £0.84 a serving on our UK store and $1.14 on our US store for a new subscriber. The table below compares it with Liquid I.V., DripDrop, LMNT and Pedialyte, label by label.
Our figures come from our printed labels and an independent lab report. Ultimate Electrolytes supplies 500 mg of sodium from Himalayan fine pink salt, 500 mg of potassium from potassium chloride and 150 mg of magnesium from magnesium malate (40% of the UK NRV) per serving, mixed into 500 ml of water, with 30 servings a tub and no sugar. Lot 33447931 (Orange and Lime) was tested by Certified Group in Tustin, California, an ISO/IEC 17025 accredited laboratory (report 25-660895): it measured 610 mg sodium, 564 mg potassium and 165 mg magnesium per 5 g. A tub is £27.95 on our UK store (Unflavoured £24.95) and $37.89 on our US store, or £25.16 and $34.10 for the first Subscribe & Save order. Verified buyers rate it 4.7 out of 5 across 211 ratings, and it is covered by our 60-day money-back guarantee.
Ultimate Electrolytes: 500 mg sodium, 500 mg potassium and 150 mg magnesium per serving, zero sugar, sweetened with stevia, six flavours including Unflavoured.
View product- Alcohol does increase urine output, mainly with wine and spirits and mainly in the first few hours. In a controlled trial, 30 g of alcohol as wine or spirits raised urine output over four hours, but not over 24 hours, and beer did not differ from alcohol-free beer.4
- Electrolytes and hangover severity are not linked in the research. Hormones, electrolytes and markers of dehydration such as vasopressin did not correlate with how bad people said their hangover was.1
- No hangover product has strong evidence. Two systematic reviews, in 2005 and 2022, found no compelling or better than very low quality evidence for any remedy tested.6,7
- If you choose an electrolyte drink, check the sugar line. Liquid I.V. Hydration Multiplier has 11 g of sugar a stick and Pedialyte Powder Packs 12 g; Liquid I.V. Sugar-Free, LMNT and ours have none.
- Sodium per serving ranges from 330 mg to 1,000 mg across the six products, and the amount of water each is mixed with changes how salty the drink is.
- The surest way to avoid a hangover is to drink less, which is the conclusion of both the NIAAA and the 2005 BMJ review.6,11
Best electrolytes for a hangover: the comparison table
The table compares one serving of six popular electrolyte drinks as each brand tells you to mix it. Every figure for the other brands was read from the brand's own US product page or nutrition panel (Lemon Lime flavour where flavours differ; Grape for Pedialyte); prices are each brand's standard one-off price for its usual pack, before subscription discounts, checked on 29 October 2026. None of these products, ours included, has a published hangover trial: a PubMed search on 29 October 2026 found none.
| Product (mix with) | Sodium | Potassium / magnesium | Sugar and sweetener | Price per serving |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liquid I.V. Hydration Multiplier (one 16 g stick in 16 fl oz) | 500 mg | 370 mg / not on panel | 11 g sugar (50 kcal); cane sugar, dextrose and stevia | $1.56 (16 sticks, $24.99) / £1.25 (16 sticks, £19.99) |
| Liquid I.V. Sugar-Free (one 13 g stick in 16 fl oz) | 500 mg | 370 mg / not on panel | 0 g sugar (20 kcal); allulose and stevia | $1.56 (14 sticks, $21.84) / £1.25 (16 sticks, £19.99) |
| DripDrop Original (one 10 g stick in 8 fl oz) | 330 mg | 180 mg / 40 mg | 7 g sugar (35 kcal); sugar, fructose, dextrose and sucralose | $1.12 (32 sticks, $35.99) |
| LMNT Recharge (one stick) | 1,000 mg | 200 mg / 60 mg | No sugar; stevia in flavoured sticks | $1.50 (30 sticks, $45) |
| Pedialyte Powder Packs (one 17 g packet in 16 fl oz) | 490 mg | 370 mg / not on panel | 12 g added sugar (60 kcal); dextrose, sucralose and acesulfame potassium | No price on pedialyte.com (sold through retailers, 6 packets a box) |
| Love Life Supplements Ultimate Electrolytes (one 5 g scoop in 500 ml) | 500 mg | 500 mg / 150 mg (malate) | 0 g sugar; steviol glycosides; Unflavoured has no sweetener | £0.93 / $1.26 one-off; £0.84 / $1.14 first subscription order |
Sources: liquid-iv.com and liquid-iv.co.uk, dripdrop.com, drinklmnt.com and pedialyte.com product pages and nutrition panels, read 26 to 29 October 2026 (references 13 to 16). Liquid I.V.'s UK page does not print its panel in the page text, so its figures are from the US panels; the UK prices are from liquid-iv.co.uk. Our figures are from our printed labels (Watermelon is a 4 g serving and Unflavoured 3.2 g, with the same mineral amounts) and our live store prices. We have not converted any currency. Price per serving is pack price divided by sticks or servings.
Two things the table does not show at a glance. First, the water: DripDrop Original goes into 8 fl oz (about 237 ml), the others into about 16 fl oz or 500 ml, so DripDrop is the saltiest drink per sip even with the least sodium per stick. By our arithmetic from each label, that is roughly 1,390 mg of sodium per litre as mixed for DripDrop Original, 1,060 mg for Liquid I.V., 1,040 mg for Pedialyte and 1,000 mg for ours. Second, the sugar: per litre as mixed, Liquid I.V. Hydration Multiplier carries about 23 g of sugar, Pedialyte about 25 g and DripDrop Original about 30 g.
Do electrolytes help a hangover?
Research has not shown that they do. Electrolytes can replace some of the sodium and potassium you pass in urine after drinking, but the studies that measured electrolytes during a hangover did not find that they explain how bad people feel, and no trial has shown an electrolyte drink shortening or easing a hangover.
The clearest summary comes from a 2010 review of the biology of hangover by Penning and colleagues at Utrecht University. Across studies of blood and urine samples, concentrations of various hormones, electrolytes, free fatty acids, lactate, cortisol and glucose were not significantly correlated with reported hangover severity, and markers of dehydration such as vasopressin were not significantly related to it either. The factors that did track severity more closely were immune and inflammatory markers, with some studies also pointing to acetaldehyde, the first breakdown product of alcohol.1
The NIAAA reaches the same conclusion on its hangover fact sheet. It notes that some people turn to electrolyte drinks, or even intravenous drips, to correct the electrolyte imbalance caused by increased urination, and states that research has not found a link between the extent of electrolyte disruption and hangover severity, nor an effect of added electrolytes on hangover severity. In most people, it adds, the body restores electrolyte balance quickly once the effects of alcohol wear off.11
Symptom surveys point the same way. In 1,410 Dutch students, the most common hangover symptoms were fatigue (95.5% of those with a hangover) and thirst (89.1%), but when the 47 symptoms were grouped, the cluster labelled "disturbed water balance" (dry mouth, thirst) explained less than 5% of overall hangover severity. Drowsiness and poor concentration dominated.2 A 2024 review from the same research group concluded that dehydration and hangover are two things that happen together after drinking rather than one causing the other: dehydration effects were usually mild and short-lived, while hangovers lasted longer.3
So the useful way to think about an electrolyte drink the morning after is as a convenient way to take in fluid with some salt and potassium, the same job as a glass of water with a salted breakfast, not as a hangover remedy.
Does alcohol dehydrate you?
Yes, a little, and mostly with stronger drinks. Alcohol suppresses vasopressin, the hormone that tells the kidneys to hold on to water, so you pass more urine for a few hours after drinking.11 How much depends on what you drink and how hydrated you were to start with.
- Wine and spirits more than beer. In a randomised crossover trial, 30 g of alcohol as wine or spirits produced more urine over four hours than the alcohol-free versions or water, but the 24-hour totals did not differ, and beer did not differ from alcohol-free beer at any point. Urine sodium and potassium findings were in line with this. The authors called it a short and small diuretic effect.4
- Less effect if you are already low on fluid. After men were dehydrated by exercise in the heat, one litre of 4% beer produced no more urine than alcohol-free beer; the extra urine appeared only when they were well hydrated.5
- Stronger drinks slow fluid recovery. After exercise dehydration, drinks containing up to 2% alcohol restored fluid balance about as well as alcohol-free ones, but 4% drinks tended to delay it.8
- Lager in a normal amount behaves much like water. In a 72-person trial of 13 everyday drinks, a litre of lager produced about the same four-hour urine output as a litre of water. An oral rehydration solution, which is rich in sodium and potassium, left noticeably less urine than water.9
Put together: a big night of wine or spirits does cost some fluid and some sodium and potassium, mainly in the first few hours, and a drink that contains sodium and potassium is held on to a little better than plain water. That is a fluid point, not a hangover one. For more on how sodium-containing drinks compare with sports drinks for fluid, see our electrolytes vs sports drinks guide.
What is the best electrolyte drink for a hangover?
Since none of these products has hangover evidence, the best choice is the one whose label suits the morning after: no added sugar, a moderate sodium dose, some potassium and magnesium, and a full glass of water. On those terms, here is how we would choose.
Which one fits you?
Ultimate Electrolytes (500 mg sodium, 500 mg potassium, 150 mg magnesium, 0 g sugar) or Liquid I.V. Sugar-Free (500 mg sodium, 370 mg potassium, 0 g sugar). Ours is the lower cost per serving on both stores and the only one here with a 1:1 sodium to potassium ratio.
LMNT Recharge, at 1,000 mg sodium. That is about 42% of the NHS daily maximum in one drink, so it suits heavy sweaters more than a quiet Sunday.
Liquid I.V. Hydration Multiplier (11 g sugar) or DripDrop Original (7 g sugar in a small 8 fl oz glass). Both use sugar to make the drink taste familiar.
That is a job for an oral rehydration solution from a pharmacy, such as Pedialyte in the US or a pharmacy rehydration sachet in the UK. Ask the pharmacist, and get medical help if it continues.
Why we lean towards zero sugar: an evening of mixers, cocktails, cider or beer often brings plenty of sugar already, and Liquid I.V.'s and Pedialyte's sugared versions add another 11 to 12 g. The sugar in those drinks is there for a reason (glucose helps sodium and water cross the gut, which is how medical rehydration solutions work), but for a healthy adult drinking a glass with breakfast, food does the same job. Our guide to sugar-free electrolyte powders compares the zero-sugar options in more detail, and why we use stevia explains our choice of sweetener.
Why a 1:1 sodium to potassium ratio: most sticks put two to five times more sodium than potassium in the drink. Many adults in both countries eat more salt and less potassium than recommended, so we chose to give equal amounts. Potassium contributes to normal muscle function and to the maintenance of normal blood pressure, and 500 mg is a quarter of the UK NRV.10 Our LMNT vs Liquid IV vs Ultimate Electrolytes comparison covers the ratio question in full.
"When clients ask me what to reach for after a big night, I start with the evening itself: a glass of water between drinks, a proper meal, and a sensible point to stop. The next morning, water and breakfast come first. An electrolyte drink can be a convenient way to get some fluid and salt in, but I see it as a glass of water with minerals, not a reset button."
Sarah Law, Naturopathic Nutritionist | Optimised Female
How much sugar is in hangover electrolyte drinks?
Between none and 12 g a serving. Pedialyte Powder Packs carry 12 g of added sugar a packet (24% of the US Daily Value for added sugars, on its own panel), Liquid I.V. Hydration Multiplier 11 g a stick and DripDrop Original 7 g a stick. Liquid I.V. Sugar-Free, LMNT and Ultimate Electrolytes contain none.
For context, the NHS advises adults to have no more than 30 g of free sugars a day, and the US Daily Value for added sugars on a nutrition panel is 50 g. One sugared stick is roughly a third of the UK figure. That matters less after a long, sweaty run, when sugar is useful fuel, than at the end of a night that has already included sweet mixers or several pints.
The zero-sugar options differ in sweetener. Liquid I.V. Sugar-Free uses allulose with stevia, LMNT and our flavoured powders use stevia (ours is listed as steviol glycosides), and our Unflavoured has no sweetener at all, just pink salt, magnesium malate and potassium chloride. Pedialyte's sugared packets also contain sucralose and acesulfame potassium, and DripDrop Original contains sucralose alongside sugar, fructose and dextrose.
"If you do choose an electrolyte drink after drinking, read the sugar line as carefully as the sodium one. Many people have already had a fair amount of sugar from mixers, wine or beer by the end of the evening, so I usually point clients towards a zero-sugar mix, one serving in a full glass of water, rather than two or three sachets."
Sarah Law, Naturopathic Nutritionist | Optimised Female
Pedialyte vs Liquid IV for a hangover
On their labels they are close: one Pedialyte Powder Pack in 16 fl oz of water has 490 mg sodium, 370 mg potassium and 12 g of added sugar, and one Liquid I.V. Hydration Multiplier stick in 16 fl oz has 500 mg sodium, 370 mg potassium and 11 g of sugar. Neither has a published hangover trial.
The difference is what they are designed for. Pedialyte describes its powder packs as replacing fluids and electrolytes lost in dehydration, its preparation directions talk about small, frequent sips while symptoms such as vomiting, fever or diarrhoea are present, and the label says to use it under medical supervision.16 Liquid I.V. is sold as a general drink mix; its UK page says not to exceed one stick a day.13 Pedialyte is a US brand; in the UK, the equivalent pharmacy products are oral rehydration sachets, which a pharmacist can advise on. If what you want is fluid and minerals without sugar, Liquid I.V. Sugar-Free, LMNT or a zero-sugar powder such as ours is the closer match.
How much sodium, potassium and magnesium do you need?
One serving of a typical electrolyte drink covers a modest share of the day. The table sets the minerals in one serving of Ultimate Electrolytes against UK and US reference intakes, each named as its own body publishes it.
| Mineral | Per serving (our label) | UK reference | US reference (NIH ODS / FDA) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sodium | 500 mg | NHS: no more than 6 g salt a day, about 2.4 g sodium (500 mg is about 21%) | FDA and Dietary Guidelines: under 2,300 mg a day (500 mg is about 22%) |
| Potassium | 500 mg | NRV 2,000 mg (25%); NHS: adults need 3,500 mg a day | NIH AI: 3,400 mg men, 2,600 mg women |
| Magnesium | 150 mg (from magnesium malate) | NRV 375 mg (40%); NHS: 300 mg men, 270 mg women | NIH RDA: 400 to 420 mg men, 310 to 320 mg women; upper limit from supplements 350 mg |
UK NRVs from Regulation (EU) 1169/2011 Annex XIII as retained in GB law; NHS figures from its salt and minerals pages; US figures from the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements fact sheets and the FDA (references 10, 17, 19 and 20). Percentages are our arithmetic.
Magnesium contributes to electrolyte balance, and 150 mg is a significant amount against the UK NRV. Potassium contributes to normal muscle function, normal functioning of the nervous system and the maintenance of normal blood pressure.10 These are the authorised descriptions of what the minerals do in the body generally; they are not hangover claims. If you want to know more about mixing and timing day to day, see how to take electrolytes.
Should you drink electrolytes before bed or the morning after?
There is no research on electrolyte timing and hangovers, so either is fine if you want one. What the research on water suggests is modest: in survey data, drinking water during or straight after alcohol had only a small link with less next-day hangover, and the amount of water drunk during the hangover was not related to changes in how bad it felt or to thirst.3
Practical points that follow from the studies above:
- Alternate with water while you drink. It slows your drinking, and the NIAAA notes that the more alcohol you drink, the worse the hangover tends to be.6,11
- A glass of water before bed is sensible. If you prefer it as an electrolyte drink, one serving is enough; zero sugar avoids adding sugar late at night.
- Eat in the morning. A breakfast with some salt in it supplies sodium alongside your fluid, the same thing an electrolyte drink does.
- Do not drive or operate machinery while hungover. The NIAAA notes that attention, decision-making and coordination can be impaired during a hangover, which can last 24 hours or longer.11
- Skip the "hair of the dog". A morning drink may mask symptoms briefly but can prolong them, according to the NIAAA.11
Sleep matters too: alcohol fragments sleep, which feeds the tiredness that dominates hangover surveys. Our article on how exercise, coffee and alcohol affect your sleep covers that side.
What do hangover products usually contain?
Mostly potassium, sodium and vitamin C, at least in the UK. A 2025 study of hangover products sold through Amazon found 19 in the UK, where the most common ingredients were potassium (63.2% of products), sodium (57.9%) and vitamin C (52.6%), and powders were the most common format. Products in Australia and Japan used quite different ingredients, and the authors concluded that placebo-controlled trials are needed to show whether marketed hangover products work.12
That fits the wider picture. A 2005 systematic review in the BMJ found no compelling evidence that any conventional or complementary remedy works for alcohol hangover and concluded that abstinence or moderation is the most effective way to avoid it.6 A 2022 review in Addiction looked at 21 placebo-controlled trials and rated all the efficacy evidence as very low quality; no electrolyte product was among the interventions that showed a signal.7 When a drink is sold to you as a hangover product, the label is the part you can check: sodium, potassium, sugar and price.
How we test Ultimate Electrolytes
Our labels carry a code that links to independent lab results. For lot 33447931 (Orange and Lime), Certified Group in Tustin, California, an ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accredited laboratory, measured the following per 5 g serving (report 25-660895):
| Test | Label | Lab result |
|---|---|---|
| Sodium | 500 mg | 610 mg |
| Potassium | 500 mg | 564 mg |
| Magnesium | 150 mg | 165 mg |
| Microbiology (coliforms, yeast, mould, total aerobic count) | n/a | All under 10 CFU/g; E. coli, Salmonella, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa absent |
| Heavy metals | n/a | Lead 0.470, arsenic 0.262, mercury 0.043 mg/kg; cadmium not detected |
Lead is below the 3.0 mg/kg maximum for food supplements in retained Regulation (EC) 1881/2006. The report is linked from the product page; scan the code on the tub to see the lab results for your batch.
Where Love Life Supplements is not the best choice
- If you want the most sodium per stick, LMNT has 1,000 mg against our 500 mg.
- If you want single-serve sticks in a pocket, Liquid I.V., DripDrop, LMNT and Pedialyte all come in sachets; ours is a tub with a scoop.
- If you prefer a sugared, sweet drink, Liquid I.V. Hydration Multiplier or DripDrop Original is closer to what you want.
- If you are being sick or have diarrhoea, a pharmacy oral rehydration solution is the right product, not ours or any everyday drink mix.
- If what you want is to avoid the next hangover, no product on this page will do that; drinking less and more slowly will.
Who should check with a doctor before using electrolytes?
Most healthy adults can have one serving of an electrolyte drink a day. Check with your doctor or pharmacist first if you have been told to cut down on salt, have high blood pressure, kidney or heart problems, or take medicines that affect potassium or fluid balance, such as some blood pressure tablets, potassium-sparing diuretics or ACE inhibitors. The NHS notes that older people in particular should not take potassium supplements without medical advice.17 Our powder is made for adults; for a child who is unwell, ask a pharmacist. And if you find you need something most mornings after drinking, the NHS and the NIAAA both publish practical advice on cutting down (references 18 and 11).
Our full electrolyte buyer's guide covers what to look for in any electrolyte product, from sodium dose to sweeteners and testing.
Frequently asked questions
Do electrolytes help with a hangover?
Research has not shown that they do. Alcohol makes you pass more urine for a few hours, so you lose some fluid and minerals, and an electrolyte drink is one way to take fluid back with sodium and potassium in it. But studies of blood and urine have not found that electrolyte levels track how bad a hangover feels, and the NIAAA says research has not shown that added electrolytes change hangover severity. Time, sleep, water and food are what the evidence supports.
What is the best electrolyte drink for a hangover?
No electrolyte drink has been shown to shorten a hangover, so choose on what is in the glass. A zero-sugar drink with a moderate amount of sodium plus potassium and magnesium, mixed into a full 500 ml of water, gives you fluid and minerals without more sugar. Ultimate Electrolytes has 500 mg sodium, 500 mg potassium and 150 mg magnesium per serving with no sugar; Liquid I.V. Sugar-Free and LMNT are other zero-sugar options, while Liquid I.V. Hydration Multiplier and Pedialyte Powder Packs contain 11 to 12 g of sugar a serving.
Is Pedialyte or Liquid IV better for a hangover?
Neither has a published hangover trial. On their labels they are similar: Pedialyte Powder Packs have 490 mg sodium, 370 mg potassium and 12 g of sugar, and Liquid I.V. Hydration Multiplier 500 mg sodium, 370 mg potassium and 11 g of sugar, each in 16 fl oz of water. Pedialyte is designed for dehydration from vomiting and diarrhoea and its label says to use it under medical supervision. For a zero-sugar option, Liquid I.V. Sugar-Free or a zero-sugar powder is the closer fit.
Should you drink electrolytes before bed after drinking alcohol?
There is no research on electrolyte timing and hangovers. A large survey found that drinking water during or straight after alcohol had only a modest link with next-day hangover, and drinking water during the hangover did not change how bad it felt. A glass of water before bed is sensible; if you prefer it as an electrolyte drink, one serving is enough, and a zero-sugar mix avoids adding sugar late at night.
Are electrolytes better than water after drinking?
For fluid balance, drinks with sodium and potassium are kept by the body a little longer than plain water: in one trial an oral rehydration solution left less urine over four hours than the same volume of water. Neither water nor electrolytes has been shown to shorten a hangover. Plain water and a meal with some salt in it do the same basic job for most people; an electrolyte drink is a convenient way to combine them.
How much electrolyte drink should you have after drinking?
One serving, mixed with the full amount of water on the label, is plenty for most healthy adults. Count the sodium against your day: the NHS says adults should have no more than 6 g of salt a day (about 2.4 g of sodium) and US guidance is under 2,300 mg of sodium. If you have been told to cut down on salt, have kidney or heart problems, or take medicines that affect potassium, ask your doctor or pharmacist first.
About the Reviewer: Sarah Law, Dip CNM
Sarah Law is a Certified Naturopathic Nutritionist and Functional Practitioner specialising in hormonal health, gut health, and evidence-based nutrition. She holds a Diploma in Naturopathic Nutrition from the College of Naturopathic Medicine (CNM, London) and is a Certified Functional Health Coach. Sarah combines naturopathic principles with modern functional nutrition science to help her clients make informed health decisions.
About the Author: Ben Law
Ben Law is the founder of Love Life Supplements and host of the Optimised Health Show. He is a qualified Advanced Dietary Supplement Advisor and Primal Blueprint Certified Expert, and has spent 14 years building transparent, research-led formulations manufactured to GMP and BRC standards. He wrote this guide from the published hangover and hydration research, the NHS and NIAAA guidance, each brand's own product pages and nutrition panels, and our own label and lab data.
Liquid I.V., DripDrop, LMNT and Pedialyte are trademarks of their respective owners and are not affiliated with Love Life Supplements. Learn more about Ben.
References
- Penning R, van Nuland M, Fliervoet LA, Olivier B, Verster JC. The pathology of alcohol hangover. Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2010;3(2):68-75. PubMed
- Penning R, McKinney A, Verster JC. Alcohol hangover symptoms and their contribution to the overall hangover severity. Alcohol Alcohol. 2012;47(3):248-252. PubMed
- Mackus M, Stock AK, Garssen J, Scholey A, Verster JC. Alcohol hangover versus dehydration revisited. Alcohol. 2024;121:9-18. PubMed
- Polhuis KCMM, Wijnen AHC, Sierksma A, Calame W, Tieland M. The diuretic action of weak and strong alcoholic beverages in elderly men: a randomized diet-controlled crossover trial. Nutrients. 2017;9(7):660. PubMed
- Hobson RM, Maughan RJ. Hydration status and the diuretic action of a small dose of alcohol. Alcohol Alcohol. 2010;45(4):366-373. PubMed
- Pittler MH, Verster JC, Ernst E. Interventions for preventing or treating alcohol hangover: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2005;331(7531):1515-1518. PubMed
- Roberts E, Smith R, Hotopf M, Drummond C. The efficacy and tolerability of pharmacologically active interventions for alcohol-induced hangover symptomatology: a systematic review of the evidence from randomised placebo-controlled trials. Addiction. 2022;117(8):2157-2167. PubMed
- Shirreffs SM, Maughan RJ. Restoration of fluid balance after exercise-induced dehydration: effects of alcohol consumption. J Appl Physiol. 1997;83(4):1152-1158. PubMed
- Maughan RJ, Watson P, Cordery PA, et al. A randomized trial to assess the potential of different beverages to affect hydration status: development of a beverage hydration index. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(3):717-723. PubMed
- Department of Health and Social Care. Great Britain nutrition and health claims (NHC) register; and Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, Annex XIII (nutrient reference values). GOV.UK and legislation.gov.uk
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Hangovers (fact sheet); and Understanding alcohol drinking patterns. Hangovers and Drinking patterns
- Zijlstra MN, Schulz SE, Iseric E, Barre Q, Scholey A, Verster JC. A comparison of the United Kingdom, Australian and Japanese hangover product market. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2025;44(4):1278-1284. PubMed
- Liquid I.V. Hydration Multiplier and Sugar-Free (US product pages and nutrition labels; UK product pages), read 26 and 29 October 2026. liquid-iv.com, liquid-iv.com Sugar-Free and liquid-iv.co.uk
- DripDrop. Original electrolyte powder, Lemon Lime (product page and nutrition facts), read 26 and 29 October 2026. dripdrop.com
- LMNT. LMNT Recharge electrolyte drink mix (product page), read 29 October 2026. drinklmnt.com
- Abbott. Pedialyte Powder Packs, Grape (product page: nutrition information, ingredients, directions), read 29 October 2026. pedialyte.com
- NHS. Salt: the facts; Vitamins and minerals: others (magnesium, potassium). Salt and Minerals
- NHS. Alcohol units (low-risk drinking guidelines, unit definition); and UK Chief Medical Officers' low risk drinking guidelines. NHS and GOV.UK
- NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Potassium and Magnesium: fact sheets for health professionals. Potassium and Magnesium
- US Food and Drug Administration. Sodium in your diet; and Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 (contaminant maximum levels, as retained in GB law). FDA and legislation.gov.uk
- Love Life Supplements. Certified Group report 25-660895 (Ultimate Electrolytes Orange and Lime, lot 33447931), linked on the product page. Product page
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