Electrolytes for runners compared: Precision Fuel and Hydration PH 1000, SaltStick capsules, LMNT, Love Life Supplements Ultimate Electrolytes, Nuun Sport, Tailwind Endurance Fuel and Liquid I.V.

Electrolytes for Runners: Sodium per Hour and 8 Products Compared

Love Life Supplements

Published 1 November 2026. Every LMNT, Precision Fuel & Hydration, SaltStick, Nuun, Liquid I.V. and Tailwind figure on this page comes from the brand's own website or nutrition panel (read 29 October to 1 November 2026), with prices rechecked on 1 November 2026; our own prices were read live from our UK and US stores on 6 November 2026.

Medical Disclaimer: This article is for information only and is not medical advice. Electrolyte drinks and salt capsules contain sodium and potassium; if you have been told to limit salt, have high blood pressure, kidney or heart problems, or take medicines that affect potassium or fluid balance (including some blood pressure tablets and diuretics), speak to your doctor or pharmacist before using them. Drinking far more fluid than you sweat during long events can lower blood sodium dangerously: if a runner becomes confused, has a severe headache, vomits repeatedly or collapses after a race, call 999 in the UK or 911 in the US. Ask a healthcare professional before starting any supplement if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Electrolytes for runners: for runs under about an hour, most runners need nothing more than water and normal meals. Electrolytes earn their place on runs beyond 60 to 90 minutes, in heat, and for heavy or salty sweaters, because sweat carries sodium out with it: in a dataset of 1,303 athletes, endurance athletes lost on average 1.28 litres of sweat and about 1,190 mg of sodium an hour, with big differences between people.1 The sensible approach is to drink to thirst and take sodium in what you drink, not to chase fluid. For long or hot runs where you want minerals without sugar, we suggest a drink with around 500 mg of sodium in 500 ml; our Love Life Supplements Ultimate Electrolytes gives 500 mg sodium, 500 mg potassium and 150 mg magnesium per serving with zero sugar, from £0.84 a serving on our UK store and $0.95 on our US store for a new subscriber. For marathon pace and beyond, pair it with carbohydrate, or choose a carb drink such as Tailwind. The table below compares eight popular options, label by label.

Our figures come from our printed labels and an independent lab report. Ultimate Electrolytes supplies 500 mg of sodium from Himalayan fine pink salt, 500 mg of potassium from potassium chloride and 150 mg of magnesium from magnesium malate (40% of the UK NRV) per serving, mixed into 500 ml of water, which works out at 1,000 mg of sodium per litre as mixed. A tub holds 30 servings with no sugar. Lot 33447931 (Orange and Lime) was tested by Certified Group, an ISO/IEC 17025 accredited laboratory in California (report 25-660895), which measured 610 mg sodium, 564 mg potassium and 165 mg magnesium per 5 g serving. A tub is £27.95 on our UK store (Unflavoured £24.95) and $31.65 on our US store, or £25.16 and $28.49 for the first Subscribe & Save order. Verified buyers rate it 4.7 out of 5 across 211 ratings, and it carries our 60-day money-back guarantee.

Love Life Supplements Ultimate Electrolytes zero sugar electrolyte powder for runners with sodium, potassium and magnesium

Ultimate Electrolytes: 500 mg sodium, 500 mg potassium and 150 mg magnesium per 500 ml serving, zero sugar, sweetened with stevia, six flavours including Unflavoured.

View product
Quick takeaways
  • Under an hour, water is usually enough. The American College of Sports Medicine recommends electrolyte and carbohydrate drinks over water only "under certain circumstances", mainly long or hot exercise.3
  • Sweat losses vary several-fold. Endurance athletes averaged 51.7 mmol of sodium an hour (about 1,190 mg by our arithmetic), but one standard deviation either side runs from roughly 550 mg to 1,830 mg.1
  • Too much water is the bigger race-day risk. At the 2002 Boston Marathon 13% of tested finishers had low blood sodium, linked to weight gain from drinking, finish times over four hours and body-weight extremes, not to which drink they chose.6
  • Salt does not appear to stop cramps. In 161 km ultramarathon runners, sodium supplement use and blood sodium did not differ between those who cramped and those who did not.9
  • Sodium per serving ranges from 215 mg to 1,000 mg across the eight products below, and only Tailwind carries meaningful carbohydrate (25 g a scoop).
  • Cheapest sodium per milligram is SaltStick's capsule; ours is mid-table on cost, and leads the table on potassium and magnesium per serving.

Best electrolytes for runners: the comparison table

The table compares one serving of eight electrolyte products runners commonly use, as each brand tells you to take it. Every figure for the other brands was read from the brand's own product page or nutrition panel; prices are each brand's standard one-off price for its usual pack on its own store, before subscription discounts, checked between 29 October and 1 November 2026. Where a brand's UK store price could be read from our checks it is shown too.

Product (serving) Sodium Potassium / magnesium Sugar or carbohydrate Price per serving
LMNT Recharge (one stick) 1,000 mg 200 mg / 60 mg No sugar; stevia in flavoured sticks $1.50 (30 sticks, $45)
Precision Fuel & Hydration PH 1000 (one tablet in 500 ml) 500 mg 125 mg / 12 mg 2.2 g carbohydrate (16 kcal); glucose, sucralose $1.20 (10 tablets, $11.99, US store)
Precision Fuel & Hydration Electrolyte Capsules (one capsule) 250 mg 125 mg / not stated No sugar; sodium and potassium salts only $0.67 (15 capsules, $9.99, US store)
SaltStick Capsules (one capsule) 215 mg 63 mg / 11 mg No sugar $0.25 (100 capsules, $24.99)
Nuun Sport (one tablet in 16 fl oz) 300 mg 150 mg / 25 mg 1 g sugar (15 kcal); dextrose, stevia $0.75 (10 tablets, $7.49)
Liquid I.V. Hydration Multiplier (one 16 g stick in 16 fl oz) 500 mg 370 mg / not on panel 11 g sugar (50 kcal); cane sugar, dextrose, stevia $1.56 (16 sticks, $24.99) / £1.25 (16 sticks, £19.99)
Tailwind Endurance Fuel (one 27 g scoop) 310 mg 90 mg / 12 mg 25 g carbohydrate, all sugars (100 kcal); dextrose, cane sugar $0.86 (50 scoops, $42.99)
Love Life Supplements Ultimate Electrolytes (one 5 g scoop in 500 ml) 500 mg 500 mg / 150 mg (malate) 0 g sugar; steviol glycosides; Unflavoured has no sweetener £0.93 / $1.06 one-off; £0.84 / $0.95 first subscription order

Sources: drinklmnt.com, precisionhydration.com (PH 1000 per-litre panel halved for one tablet in 500 ml, as the brand directs; price from its US store), aletenutrition.com (SaltStick), nuunlife.com, liquid-iv.com and liquid-iv.co.uk, and tailwindnutrition.com (Mandarin panel), read 29 October to 1 November 2026 (references 18 to 23). Our figures are from our printed labels (Watermelon is a 4 g serving and Unflavoured 3.2 g, with the same mineral amounts) and our live store prices. We have not converted any currency. Price per serving is pack price divided by servings.

Two things the table does not show at a glance. First, the water. Per litre as mixed, by our arithmetic from each label, Liquid I.V. comes to about 1,060 mg of sodium, PH 1000 and ours to 1,000 mg, and Nuun Sport to about 630 mg. The ACSM position stand suggests drinks used during exercise carry roughly 20 to 30 mmol of sodium per litre, which is about 460 to 690 mg; the stronger mixes suit heavy or salty sweaters, or runners who drink less fluid.3 Second, the carbohydrate: only Tailwind is a fuel. Everything else, ours included, is for minerals and fluid, so on a marathon you would pair it with gels, chews or food.

1.28 L an houraverage sweat rate of endurance athletes in 1,303 sweat tests (ref 1)
About 1,190 mgaverage sodium lost per hour by those endurance athletes (51.7 mmol)
13%of tested Boston Marathon finishers had low blood sodium in 2002 (ref 6)
500 / 500 / 150 mgsodium, potassium and magnesium in one serving of Ultimate Electrolytes, zero sugar

Which electrolyte gives the most sodium for the money?

SaltStick capsules win on cost per milligram of sodium by a distance; most sachets and tablets cost about two to three times as much for the same sodium. The table below divides each price per serving by its sodium to give the cost of 1,000 mg, the amount in one LMNT stick or two servings of ours.

Product Sodium per serving Cost per 1,000 mg sodium What else you get
SaltStick Capsules 215 mg $1.16 Small potassium, calcium, magnesium; no fluid
LMNT Recharge 1,000 mg $1.50 200 mg potassium, 60 mg magnesium
Precision Fuel & Hydration PH 1000 500 mg $2.40 Low-calorie effervescent tablet
Precision Fuel & Hydration Electrolyte Capsules 250 mg $2.66 125 mg potassium; no fluid
Nuun Sport 300 mg $2.50 150 mg potassium, 25 mg magnesium
Tailwind Endurance Fuel 310 mg $2.77 25 g carbohydrate (100 kcal) per scoop
Liquid I.V. Hydration Multiplier 500 mg $3.12 / £2.50 370 mg potassium, 11 g sugar
Love Life Supplements Ultimate Electrolytes 500 mg £1.86 / $2.11 one-off; £1.68 / $1.90 first subscription order 500 mg potassium, 150 mg magnesium, zero sugar

Our arithmetic from the prices in the first table, rounded to the nearest cent or penny. Tailwind's cost includes its carbohydrate, so it is not a like-for-like sodium price. No currency has been converted.

If sodium is all you want, a capsule is the cheapest way to get it. What a drink adds is the fluid itself, plus, in our case, the most potassium and magnesium per serving of anything in the table. Magnesium contributes to electrolyte balance and to normal muscle function, and potassium contributes to normal muscle function; both are authorised claims on the GB nutrition and health claims register.17 Sodium has no authorised claim of its own.

Do runners need electrolytes?

Not for every run. For a typical easy run of under an hour, sweat losses are small enough that water, and the salt in your normal meals, cover them. The ACSM's fluid position stand says drinks containing electrolytes and carbohydrates "can provide benefits over water alone under certain circumstances", and advises customised plans because sweat rates and sweat sodium vary so much between people.3 In practice, those circumstances are long runs, heat and humidity, and heavy sweating.

Run Fluid Sodium Carbohydrate
Easy run under 60 minutes, cool weather Water to thirst, if any Usually not needed; normal meals cover it Not needed
60 to 90 minutes, or any run in heat Drink to thirst Useful, especially for salty sweaters Optional; helpful at harder efforts
Half marathon to marathon (1 to 2.5 hours) Drink to thirst; do not finish heavier than you started In your drink, about 460 to 690 mg per litre drunk (ACSM) 30 to 60 g an hour
Ultra or over 2.5 hours Drink to thirst; weigh in training Plan it from your own sweat losses Up to 90 g an hour, if trained to tolerate it

Carbohydrate amounts from the 2016 joint position statement of the ACSM, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and Dietitians of Canada (ref 4); sodium per litre from the 2007 ACSM fluid position stand (ref 3). These are general starting points for healthy adults, not personal advice.

How much sodium do runners need per hour?

There is no single figure, because both sweat rate and sweat saltiness differ from runner to runner. The largest published dataset, 1,303 athletes tested by the Gatorade Sports Science Institute between 2000 and 2017, found endurance athletes sweated 1.28 litres an hour on average (plus or minus 0.57) and lost 51.7 mmol of sodium an hour (plus or minus 27.8).1 At 23 mg per mmol, that is about 1,190 mg an hour on average, and roughly 550 to 1,830 mg an hour for the middle two thirds of athletes. Sweat testing methods themselves vary, and a 2017 review notes that intensity, heat, acclimatisation, body size and diet all shift the numbers.2

You do not have to replace every milligram during a run. What matters most is not drinking far more than you sweat, and taking some sodium in what you do drink on long efforts. To find your own starting point:

  1. Weigh yourself with minimal clothing before and after a typical one-hour run at race effort, without a toilet stop in between.
  2. Note what you drank. Weight lost (1 kg is about 1 litre) plus fluid drunk is your sweat rate for those conditions. The ACSM recommends keeping losses under about 2% of body weight.3
  3. Look at your kit. White salt marks on a dark top or a gritty face after a long run suggest saltier sweat, and a stronger mix such as 1,000 mg of sodium per litre may suit you better.
  4. Repeat in different weather, because a warm day can double what you lose.

"With runners, I start with a simple sweat check before choosing any product: weigh before and after a typical hour, note what you drank, and look for salt marks on your kit. That gives us a sensible starting point, and we adjust it on long runs rather than copying someone else's numbers."

Sarah Law, Naturopathic Nutritionist | Optimised Female

Salt tablets vs electrolyte drinks for runners

Salt capsules give sodium without fluid; electrolyte drinks give sodium in fluid. Capsules such as SaltStick (215 mg sodium, suggested one every 30 to 60 minutes of exercise) or Precision Fuel & Hydration's capsules (250 mg) suit runners who take plain water from aid stations or who do not like flavoured drinks. A drink mix suits training runs from your own bottle or vest, and is easier to dose with fluid you will actually drink.

The trade-off is control. With capsules it is easy to take sodium on a schedule while drinking very little, or the reverse. A study of 26 triathletes found that a salt supplement (113 mmol of sodium, taken before and during a half-ironman) left blood sodium higher and gave a faster total race time than a placebo, though it was a small single trial.10 In 161 km runners, by contrast, the rate of sodium taken in supplements made little difference to who developed low blood sodium: drinking too much did.7 Whichever you choose, sodium supports the fluid you drink; it does not replace drinking to thirst.

Should you take electrolytes before, during or after a run?

All three have a place on long or hot days. Before: the ACSM advises drinking slowly at least four hours before exercise (about 5 to 7 ml per kg of body weight), noting that sodium in a drink or a salty snack helps you keep that fluid.3 One serving of an electrolyte drink with breakfast before a long run does that job. During: on runs beyond 60 to 90 minutes, sip to thirst from a mix with sodium in it, and take carbohydrate alongside if you are running hard. After: replace what you lost with fluid plus sodium; a normal salted meal often does this on its own, and an electrolyte drink is a convenient bridge if the meal is a while away.

For a daily routine rather than race prep, see our guide on how to take electrolytes, and if you also take creatine, whether you can mix creatine and electrolytes in one drink.

Do electrolytes stop cramps when running?

Probably not, for most runners. The idea that cramps come from salt loss is popular, but the research in runners does not support it well. Among 161 km ultramarathon runners, 14.3% reported cramping and 26.8% near-cramping; weight change, use of sodium supplements, the rate of sodium intake and post-race blood sodium did not differ between those with and without cramps. What did differ was a prior history of cramping and higher blood creatine kinase, a marker of muscle damage.9

That points to muscular demand: running further or faster than your training supports. Pacing, specific long-run training and fuelling well are the levers with better evidence. Magnesium is often suggested too; we looked at the trials in best magnesium for leg cramps, which are mostly about night cramps rather than running. If cramps come with dizziness, confusion or vomiting, stop and get medical help.

Can runners drink too much water?

Yes, and on race day it is the more serious risk. Drinking far beyond sweat losses dilutes blood sodium, a condition called exercise-associated hyponatraemia. At the 2002 Boston Marathon, 13% of 488 finishers who gave blood had low sodium and 0.6% had critically low levels. It was linked to weight gain during the race, finish times over four hours and body-weight extremes; the type of fluid drunk was not a factor.6 In the 161 km Western States race, 6.6% of finishers tested had low blood sodium even though 93.9% used sodium supplements, and overhydration was the main feature of those affected.7

The 2015 international consensus statement on exercise-associated hyponatraemia names drinking beyond thirst as the main cause and advises using thirst to guide drinking.8 Sports Dietitians Australia's position on exercise in heat makes the same point from both sides: plan fluid to avoid significant under- or overconsumption.5 Electrolyte drinks do not make overdrinking safe; they are no substitute for drinking to thirst and checking your weight in training.

"For most of my clients running under an hour, water and their normal meals cover it. Where I do suggest an electrolyte drink is for long or hot sessions, and I always pair it with the advice to drink to thirst. More fluid is not better, and on race day that matters as much as what is in the bottle."

Sarah Law, Naturopathic Nutritionist | Optimised Female

Which one fits your running?

Long or hot training runs, no sugar wanted

Ultimate Electrolytes: 500 mg sodium, 500 mg potassium and 150 mg magnesium in 500 ml, zero sugar. Take your carbohydrate separately.

Heavy, salty sweater

LMNT (1,000 mg sodium a stick), or two servings of a 500 mg mix across the run, guided by your own sweat check.

Racing on aid-station water

Salt capsules such as SaltStick or Precision Fuel & Hydration: the cheapest sodium, but easy to over- or under-drink with.

Marathon fuel in one bottle

A carbohydrate drink such as Tailwind Endurance Fuel (25 g carbohydrate and 310 mg sodium a scoop), or gels plus an electrolyte drink.

Electrolytes for marathon runners: do not forget carbohydrate

For a marathon, carbohydrate matters more to performance than electrolytes. The 2016 joint position statement of the ACSM, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and Dietitians of Canada recommends 30 to 60 g of carbohydrate an hour for exercise lasting one to two and a half hours, and up to 90 g an hour beyond that for athletes who have practised it.4 A zero-sugar electrolyte drink such as ours, LMNT or PH 1000 provides almost none of that, so you would add gels, chews or food. A carbohydrate-electrolyte drink like Tailwind does both jobs at once: three scoops an hour would give 75 g of carbohydrate and 930 mg of sodium by our arithmetic from its panel.

Under GB and EU rules, only carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks that meet set conditions on energy, sodium and concentration may claim to help maintain endurance performance during prolonged exercise; a mineral-only drink such as ours does not meet them and we make no such claim. Practise your race-day drink and fuel on long runs, never on the day itself. If you are building a training block, our guide to creatine for runners covers the other supplement runners ask us about most.

How much sodium, potassium and magnesium do you need a day?

One serving of our powder sits well inside both countries' guidance. The UK and the US frame reference intakes differently, so we show both, each under its own name.

Mineral Per serving (our label) UK reference US reference (NIH ODS)
Sodium 500 mg NHS: no more than 6 g salt a day for adults, about 2.4 g sodium; no NRV Under 2,300 mg a day (US Dietary Guidelines; FDA Daily Value 2,300 mg)
Potassium 500 mg NRV 2,000 mg AI 3,400 mg men, 2,600 mg women
Magnesium 150 mg (malate) NRV 375 mg (ours = 40%); NHS: 300 mg men, 270 mg women RDA 400 to 420 mg men, 310 to 320 mg women; UL 350 mg a day from supplements

Sources: NHS salt and other vitamins and minerals pages; UK NRVs from retained Regulation (EU) 1169/2011, Annex XIII; NIH Office of Dietary Supplements potassium and magnesium fact sheets; FDA sodium guidance (references 11 to 16). Runners who sweat heavily lose more sodium than sedentary adults, which is why sports bodies give separate advice on sodium during long exercise, apart from everyday salt targets; if you have been told to limit salt, ask your doctor first.

How we test Ultimate Electrolytes

Our labels carry a code that links to independent lab results. For lot 33447931 (Orange and Lime), Certified Group in Tustin, California, an ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accredited laboratory, measured the following per 5 g serving (report 25-660895):

Test Label Lab result
Sodium 500 mg 610 mg
Potassium 500 mg 564 mg
Magnesium 150 mg 165 mg
Microbiology (coliforms, yeast, mould, total aerobic count) n/a All under 10 CFU/g; E. coli, Salmonella, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa absent
Heavy metals n/a Lead 0.470, arsenic 0.262, mercury 0.043 mg/kg; cadmium not detected

Lead is below the 3.0 mg/kg maximum for food supplements in retained Regulation (EC) 1881/2006. Scan the code on the tub to see the lab results for your batch; more on our methods on our testing procedures page.

Where Love Life Supplements is not the best choice

  • If you want the most sodium per serving, LMNT has 1,000 mg against our 500 mg.
  • If you want the cheapest sodium, salt capsules such as SaltStick cost about half as much per milligram.
  • If you want fuel and electrolytes in one bottle, a carbohydrate drink such as Tailwind is built for that; ours has no carbohydrate.
  • If you want single-serve sticks or tablets for a race belt, LMNT, Nuun, Liquid I.V. and PH 1000 come in sachets or tubes; ours is a tub with a scoop.
  • If your runs are under an hour in cool weather, you may not need any of these products.

For more side-by-side comparisons, see LMNT vs Liquid I.V. vs Ultimate Electrolytes and our best sugar-free electrolyte powder guide.

Who should check with a doctor before using electrolytes?

Most healthy adults can use an electrolyte drink around long runs. Check with your doctor or pharmacist first if you have been told to cut down on salt, have high blood pressure, kidney or heart problems, or take medicines that affect potassium or fluid balance, such as some blood pressure tablets (ACE inhibitors, ARBs), potassium-sparing diuretics or other diuretics. The NIH notes that supplemental magnesium above 350 mg a day can cause loose stools; one serving of ours provides 150 mg.14 Ask a healthcare professional before starting any supplement if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Frequently asked questions

Do runners need electrolytes?

For runs under about an hour, most healthy runners do not: water and normal meals replace what is lost. Electrolytes become useful on long runs, in heat, or if you are a heavy or salty sweater, because endurance athletes in a large sweat-testing dataset lost on average about 1.3 litres of sweat and roughly 1,190 mg of sodium an hour, with wide variation between people. Drink to thirst rather than to a schedule, and add sodium for sessions beyond 60 to 90 minutes.

What are the best electrolytes for runners?

The best choice depends on the run. For long or hot runs where you want minerals without sugar, a drink with around 500 mg of sodium per 500 ml works well; Love Life Supplements Ultimate Electrolytes gives 500 mg sodium, 500 mg potassium and 150 mg magnesium per serving with zero sugar. LMNT has the most sodium per stick (1,000 mg), SaltStick capsules are the cheapest sodium per milligram, and Tailwind Endurance Fuel adds 25 g of carbohydrate per scoop for marathon fuelling.

Are salt tablets good for runners?

Salt capsules such as SaltStick (215 mg sodium each) or Precision Fuel and Hydration capsules (250 mg) are a convenient way to take sodium when you rely on plain water at aid stations. They are cheap per milligram of sodium. They do not replace fluid, and studies of ultramarathon runners found that taking sodium supplements did not separate those who cramped from those who did not, so use them to cover sweat losses rather than as a cramp remedy.

Should I take electrolytes before or after running?

Both can make sense. Before a long or hot run, the American College of Sports Medicine suggests drinking slowly at least four hours ahead (about 5 to 7 ml per kg of body weight), and a drink or salty snack with sodium helps you hold on to that fluid. After a long or sweaty run, fluid with sodium plus a normal salted meal replaces what you lost. During runs over about 90 minutes, sip to thirst and take sodium alongside your fuel.

How many electrolytes should I take during a marathon?

There is no single number because sweat rate and sweat sodium vary several-fold between runners. The American College of Sports Medicine suggests drinks used during exercise carry about 20 to 30 mmol of sodium per litre, which is roughly 460 to 690 mg in each litre you drink, alongside 30 to 60 g of carbohydrate an hour for runs of one to two and a half hours. Test it on long training runs, weigh yourself before and after, and never drink so much that you finish heavier than you started.

Do electrolytes help with cramps when running?

The evidence says probably not for most runners. In a study of 161 km ultramarathon runners, sodium supplement use, sodium intake rate and blood sodium did not differ between those who cramped and those who did not; cramping was linked to a history of cramping and to more muscle damage. Pacing, training for the distance and fuelling well matter more than extra salt for cramps.

Sarah Law

About the Reviewer: Sarah Law, Dip CNM

Sarah Law is a Certified Naturopathic Nutritionist and Functional Practitioner specialising in hormonal health, gut health, and evidence-based nutrition. She holds a Diploma in Naturopathic Nutrition from the College of Naturopathic Medicine (CNM, London) and is a Certified Functional Health Coach. Sarah combines naturopathic principles with modern functional nutrition science to help her clients make informed health decisions.

Learn more about Sarah.

Ben Law

About the Author: Ben Law

Ben Law is the founder of Love Life Supplements and host of the Optimised Health Show. He is a qualified Advanced Dietary Supplement Advisor and Primal Blueprint Certified Expert, and has spent 14 years building transparent, research-led formulations manufactured to GMP and BRC standards. He wrote this guide from the published sweat, hydration and endurance-nutrition research, the ACSM and consensus position statements, NHS and NIH guidance, each brand's own product pages and nutrition panels, and our own label and lab data.

LMNT, Precision Fuel & Hydration, SaltStick, Nuun, Liquid I.V. and Tailwind are trademarks of their respective owners and are not affiliated with Love Life Supplements. Learn more about Ben.

References

  1. Barnes KA, Anderson ML, Stofan JR, et al. Normative data for sweating rate, sweat sodium concentration, and sweat sodium loss in athletes: An update and analysis by sport. J Sports Sci. 2019;37(20):2356-2366. PubMed
  2. Baker LB. Sweating Rate and Sweat Sodium Concentration in Athletes: A Review of Methodology and Intra/Interindividual Variability. Sports Med. 2017;47(Suppl 1):111-128. PubMed
  3. American College of Sports Medicine; Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(2):377-390. PubMed
  4. Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM. American College of Sports Medicine Joint Position Statement. Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(3):543-568. PubMed
  5. McCubbin AJ, Allanson BA, Caldwell Odgers JN, et al. Sports Dietitians Australia Position Statement: Nutrition for Exercise in Hot Environments. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2020;30(1):83-98. PubMed
  6. Almond CS, Shin AY, Fortescue EB, et al. Hyponatremia among runners in the Boston Marathon. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(15):1550-1556. PubMed
  7. Hoffman MD, Stuempfle KJ. Sodium Supplementation and Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia during Prolonged Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(9):1781-1787. PubMed
  8. Hew-Butler T, Rosner MH, Fowkes-Godek S, et al. Statement of the Third International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference, Carlsbad, California, 2015. Clin J Sport Med. 2015;25(4):303-320. PubMed
  9. Hoffman MD, Stuempfle KJ. Muscle Cramping During a 161-km Ultramarathon: Comparison of Characteristics of Those With and Without Cramping. Sports Med Open. 2015;1(1):24. PubMed
  10. Del Coso J, González-Millán C, Salinero JJ, et al. Effects of oral salt supplementation on physical performance during a half-ironman: A randomized controlled trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2016;26(2):156-164. PubMed
  11. NHS. Salt: the facts. nhs.uk
  12. US Food and Drug Administration. Sodium in your diet. fda.gov
  13. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Potassium: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. ods.od.nih.gov
  14. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Magnesium: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. ods.od.nih.gov
  15. NHS. Vitamins and minerals: others (magnesium, potassium). nhs.uk
  16. Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, Annex XIII (reference intakes), as retained in GB law. legislation.gov.uk
  17. Department of Health and Social Care. Great Britain nutrition and health claims (NHC) register. gov.uk
  18. LMNT Recharge product page, read 1 November 2026. drinklmnt.com
  19. Precision Fuel & Hydration PH 1000 tablets (nutritional information and US price) and Electrolyte Capsules, read 1 November 2026. precisionhydration.com; capsules
  20. SaltStick Capsules product page (Alete Nutrition), read 1 November 2026. aletenutrition.com
  21. Nuun Sport product page and nutrition facts, read 1 November 2026. nuunlife.com
  22. Liquid I.V. Hydration Multiplier, US product page read 1 November 2026 and UK store read 29 October 2026. liquid-iv.com; liquid-iv.co.uk
  23. Tailwind Endurance Fuel product page and Mandarin nutrition facts panel, read 1 November 2026. tailwindnutrition.com
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