Liquid I.V. Hydration Multiplier and Sugar-Free, LMNT, Nuun Sport and Pedialyte beside Love Life Supplements Ultimate Electrolytes

Liquid IV Review: Sugar, Sodium and Price vs 5 Alternatives

Published Updated Love Life Supplements

Published 5 November 2026. Every Liquid I.V., LMNT, Nuun and Pedialyte figure on this page comes from the brand's own website, nutrition panel or ingredients image, read on 5 November 2026, including both the US (liquid-iv.com) and UK (liquid-iv.co.uk) versions of Liquid I.V. Our own prices were read live from our UK and US stores on 6 November 2026.

Medical Disclaimer: This article is for information only and is not medical advice. Electrolyte drinks contain sodium and potassium, and some contain sugar. If you have been told to limit salt or sugar, have high blood pressure, diabetes, kidney or heart problems, or take medicines that affect potassium or fluid balance (including some blood pressure tablets and diuretics), speak to your doctor or pharmacist before using them. If you are losing fluid through illness, follow the advice of your doctor, pharmacist or local health service. Ask a healthcare professional before starting any supplement if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, and before giving any electrolyte product to a child.

Liquid I.V. review, in short: Liquid I.V. Hydration Multiplier is a well-built oral rehydration style drink: one US stick gives 500 mg of sodium, 370 mg of potassium and 11 g of added sugar in 16 fl oz of water, and that sodium and sugar mix is the classic formula that helps the gut absorb water.1 It makes most sense after a long, sweaty session, a hot day or travel. For everyday drinking it is a lot of sugar and sodium for something many people sip at a desk, and at $1.56 a stick in the US (£1.25 in the UK) it is one of the dearer ways to buy sodium. The sugar-free version swaps the sugar for allulose and amino acids in the US, and the UK sugar-free stick is a different formula again. If you want electrolytes without sugar every day, our Love Life Supplements Ultimate Electrolytes gives 500 mg sodium, 500 mg potassium and 150 mg magnesium per 500 ml serving with no sugar in the ingredients, from £0.84 a serving on our UK store and $0.95 on our US store for a new subscriber. The tables below put Liquid I.V. next to LMNT, Nuun Sport, Pedialyte and ours, label by label.

Our figures come from our printed labels and an independent lab report. Ultimate Electrolytes supplies 500 mg of sodium from Himalayan fine pink salt, 500 mg of potassium from potassium chloride and 150 mg of magnesium from magnesium malate (40% of the UK NRV) per serving, mixed into 500 ml of water, which is 1,000 mg of sodium per litre as mixed. A tub holds 30 servings, sweetened with steviol glycosides, and the Unflavoured tub is just the three mineral salts. Lot 33447931 (Orange and Lime) was tested by Certified Group, an ISO/IEC 17025 accredited laboratory in California (report 25-660895), which measured 610 mg sodium, 564 mg potassium and 165 mg magnesium per 5 g serving. A tub is £27.95 on our UK store (Unflavoured £24.95) and $31.65 on our US store, or £25.16 and $28.49 for the first Subscribe & Save order. Verified buyers rate it 4.7 out of 5 across 211 ratings, and it carries our 60-day money-back guarantee.

Love Life Supplements Ultimate Electrolytes sugar-free electrolyte powder, a Liquid I.V. alternative with sodium, potassium and magnesium

Ultimate Electrolytes: 500 mg sodium, 500 mg potassium and 150 mg magnesium per 500 ml serving, no sugar, sweetened with stevia, six flavours including Unflavoured.

View product
Quick takeaways
  • The original stick carries 11 g of added sugar. That is 22% of the US Daily Value for added sugars and a little over a third of the 30 g of free sugars the NHS suggests as an adult's daily maximum.
  • The sodium and sugar are there on purpose. Glucose helps the small intestine take up sodium and water, which is the principle behind oral rehydration solutions.1
  • Salted drinks are held on to better than water, but only some of them. In a 72-person trial, an oral rehydration solution and milk were retained better than still water, while a sports drink, cola and tea were not.2
  • UK and US Liquid I.V. are not the same product. The UK original prints 530 mg sodium and 13 g carbohydrate per stick; the UK sugar-free stick adds calcium, magnesium and six amino acids, while the US sugar-free uses allulose, glutamine and alanine.
  • Per milligram of sodium, Liquid I.V. is the dearest option here: $3.12 per 1,000 mg in the US, against $1.50 for LMNT and $1.90 for ours on a first subscription order.
  • The UK pack says not to exceed one stick a day; the US site says the original is designed for ages one and up.

What is in Liquid I.V.? The label, stick by stick

Liquid I.V. comes in two main versions, the original Hydration Multiplier and Hydration Multiplier Sugar-Free, and the panels differ between the US and UK stores. The original US stick is 16 g of powder: 50 kcal, 500 mg sodium, 370 mg potassium, 11 g of total sugars (all added), plus vitamin C, niacin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and pantothenic acid. The ingredients start with cane sugar and dextrose, then citric acid, salt, potassium citrate, sodium citrate and dipotassium phosphate, with stevia leaf extract (Rebaudioside A) for extra sweetness. You mix one stick into 16 fl oz (about 473 ml) of water.

Liquid I.V. version (one stick) Sodium / potassium Sugar or carbohydrate Other actives Price per stick
Hydration Multiplier, US (16 g in 16 fl oz) 500 mg / 370 mg 11 g sugars, all added (50 kcal); cane sugar, dextrose, stevia Vitamin C 62 mg, niacin 19.3 mg, B6 1.93 mg, B12 5.79 mcg, pantothenic acid 9.6 mg $1.56 (16 sticks, $24.99)
Hydration Multiplier Sugar-Free, US (13 g in 16 fl oz) 500 mg / 370 mg 0 g sugars, 5 g carbohydrate (20 kcal); allulose, stevia L-glutamine, L-alanine (amounts not listed); same five vitamins $1.56 (14 sticks, $21.84)
Hydration Multiplier, UK (one stick in 500 ml) 530 mg / 370 mg 13 g carbohydrate; sugar and dextrose are the first two ingredients Vitamin C 73 mg, niacin 22.8 mg, B5 11.4 mg, B6 2.3 mg, B12 6.8 µg £1.25 (16 sticks, £19.99)
Sugar-Free, UK, White Peach (one stick in 500 ml) 480 mg / 376 mg Under 0.5 g sugars; steviol glycosides Magnesium 56.25 mg, calcium 120 mg; L-glutamine 1,500 mg, L-lysine 928 mg, L-threonine 377 mg, L-alanine 363 mg, L-serine 351 mg, L-arginine 200 mg; vitamins C, B3, B5, B12 £1.25 (16 sticks, £19.99)

Source: liquid-iv.com Lemon Lime nutrition facts panels and ingredient lists; liquid-iv.co.uk Lemon Lime and White Peach ingredients images (average values per daily dose), all read 5 November 2026. The US store also offers 30% off on subscription. Prices are list prices before any subscription discount.

Two things stand out. First, the vitamins are generous: the US panel shows 240% of the Daily Value for vitamin B12 and 190% for pantothenic acid, and the UK panel 272% and 190% of the NRV. Second, the "Liquid I.V." you buy depends on which side of the Atlantic you are on. A buyer reading an American review of the sugar-free stick (allulose, glutamine and alanine) is reading about a different product from the UK sugar-free stick (amino acid blend led by 1,500 mg glutamine, with calcium and magnesium added and no allulose).

Is Liquid I.V. good for you?

Liquid I.V. is a reasonable choice when you have lost fluid and salt through sweat, heat or travel, and a poor fit as an all-day habit for most people. The reason is the same in both directions: it is built like an oral rehydration solution, with sodium plus glucose. Glucose switches on a sodium uptake route in the small intestine, and water follows the sodium; that mechanism is why oral rehydration solutions became the standard approach for dehydration from acute diarrhoea some 40 years ago.1 Liquid I.V. describes its own Hydration Multiplier as an oral rehydration solution on its US product page.

That formula pays off when there is something to replace. Endurance athletes in a dataset of 1,303 people lost on average 1.28 litres of sweat and 51.7 mmol of sodium an hour (roughly 1,190 mg by our arithmetic), with wide variation between individuals.3,7 After that kind of session, a drink with around 1,000 mg of sodium per litre is in a sensible range. On an ordinary day at a desk, the same stick mostly adds sodium and sugar to a diet that usually has enough of the first already. The NHS advises adults to eat no more than 6 g of salt a day (about 2.4 g of sodium), and the US FDA uses a Daily Value of 2,300 mg of sodium.8,9 One US stick is 22% of that Daily Value.

The other ingredients are unremarkable: no caffeine in the Hydration Multiplier, gluten free, vegan on the UK site. The US site says the original is designed for ages one and up; the UK pack says not to exceed one stick a day.

"When clients ask me about hydration sachets, I ask what their day looks like first. After a long, sweaty session or a hot day travelling, a drink with sodium and a little sugar can be useful. On a normal desk day, water and regular meals usually cover it, so a sugary stick every morning is not something I would build a routine around."

Sarah Law, Naturopathic Nutritionist | Optimised Female

How much sugar is in Liquid I.V.?

One original US stick contains 11 g of sugar, all of it added, and 50 kcal. That is 22% of the US Daily Value for added sugars (50 g) and about 37% of the NHS guidance that adults have no more than 30 g of free sugars a day.10,11 The UK original lists 13 g of carbohydrate per stick, with sugar and dextrose as its first two ingredients; the UK panel does not split out sugars, so we have not guessed a figure. The UK pack's own footnote says the sugar and salt "are in our formula for function, not for taste", which matches the oral rehydration principle above.

The sugar-free versions get their sweetness and their "function" in different ways. The US Sugar-Free stick lists allulose first, with a footnote that it adds a dietarily insignificant amount of sugar; US labelling rules let allulose be left out of the total and added sugars lines, which is why the panel shows 0 g sugars but 5 g carbohydrate.12 Liquid I.V. says the glutamine and alanine are there to support water and electrolyte absorption without sugar. The UK Sugar-Free stick prints under 0.5 g of sugars per stick and relies on an amino acid blend led by 1,500 mg of L-glutamine.

If sugar is the reason you are looking at alternatives, the comparison table below shows three options with no sugar or close to none: LMNT, Nuun Sport (1 g) and Ultimate Electrolytes.

Does Liquid I.V. hydrate better than water?

A sodium-rich oral rehydration solution is retained better than plain water, and Liquid I.V. sits in that sodium range, but no published trial of Liquid I.V. itself is cited on its product page that we could check. The best independent evidence is the beverage hydration index study: 72 men drank 1 litre of one of 13 drinks, and over four hours an oral rehydration solution left them producing less urine than still water (1,038 g vs 1,337 g), as did full-fat and skimmed milk. A sports drink, cola, tea, coffee, lager and orange juice were no different from water.2

Sodium is what makes the difference. When men drank 1.5 times their sweat loss after exercise, drinks with 2 or 26 mmol/l of sodium left them in negative fluid balance by 689 ml and 359 ml, while drinks with 52 or 100 mmol/l brought them back to roughly even.4 A second study found that drinking more than your sweat loss only helps when the drink has enough sodium; otherwise the extra simply comes out as urine.5 As mixed, Liquid I.V. is about 46 mmol/l of sodium (around 1,057 mg per litre in the US, 1,060 mg in the UK), and ours is about 43 mmol/l (1,000 mg per litre), so both sit above the 20 to 30 mmol/l the American College of Sports Medicine suggests for drinks taken during exercise.6

One point the marketing skips: if you are already well hydrated, holding on to more fluid is not a benefit in itself. The advantage shows up when you are replacing a real loss.

In GB, carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks can carry the authorised claim that they "enhance the absorption of water during physical exercise", but only within set ranges of carbohydrate energy and sodium.13 On the figures the UK pack prints, the original Liquid I.V. stick sits inside those carbohydrate and sodium ranges, and the UK site uses that claim. A sugar-free drink, ours included, cannot, because the claim depends on the carbohydrate. What we can say for ours is that magnesium contributes to electrolyte balance and to normal muscle function, and potassium contributes to normal muscle function.

Liquid I.V. vs the alternatives: label comparison

Liquid I.V. is in the middle of the pack on sodium, near the top on potassium, and the only product here, with Pedialyte, that relies on sugar. LMNT doubles the sodium with no sugar, Nuun Sport is a lighter tablet with 1 g of sugar, Pedialyte is a medical-style oral rehydration solution with more sugar than Liquid I.V., and ours gives the most potassium and magnesium per serving with no sugar.

Product (serving) Sodium Potassium / magnesium Sugar Mixed into
Liquid I.V. Hydration Multiplier, US (16 g stick) 500 mg 370 mg / not on panel 11 g added (50 kcal) 16 fl oz
Liquid I.V. Sugar-Free, US (13 g stick) 500 mg 370 mg / not on panel 0 g (allulose) 16 fl oz
LMNT Recharge (one stick) 1,000 mg 200 mg / 60 mg No sugar Not stated on product page
Nuun Sport (one 5 g tablet) 300 mg 150 mg / 25 mg 1 g added (15 kcal) 16 fl oz
Pedialyte Powder Packs, Grape (17 g packet) 490 mg 370 mg / not on panel 12 g added (60 kcal) 16 fl oz
Love Life Supplements Ultimate Electrolytes (5 g scoop) 500 mg 500 mg / 150 mg (malate) None in the ingredients; stevia 500 ml

Sources: liquid-iv.com panels; drinklmnt.com product page; nuunlife.com nutrition facts; pedialyte.com Powder Packs nutrition information (which also states "Use under medical supervision"); our printed labels (Raspberry and Orange & Lime v5, 5 g; Watermelon 4 g; Unflavoured v7, 3.2 g, same minerals). All read 5 November 2026.

Pedialyte is worth a separate word because "Pedialyte vs Liquid I.V." is a common search. Pedialyte Powder Packs carry slightly less sodium (490 mg) and slightly more sugar (12 g) per packet, plus 570 mg of chloride, and use sucralose and acesulfame potassium alongside dextrose. Its page frames it around fluid loss from vomiting, diarrhoea, exercise, travel and heat and says to use it under medical supervision, while Liquid I.V. is sold as an everyday and active hydration drink. For illness-related fluid loss, follow your doctor's or pharmacist's advice on which oral rehydration product to use.

Is Liquid I.V. worth it? Cost per serving and per 1,000 mg of sodium

On price, Liquid I.V. is the dearest way to buy sodium in this comparison: $3.12 per 1,000 mg in the US, roughly double LMNT. Part of what you pay for is the vitamins and, in the sugar-free version, the amino acids. If sodium and minerals are what you want, the table shows where your money goes.

Product Pack price Per serving Per 1,000 mg sodium
Liquid I.V. Hydration Multiplier (US) $24.99 / 16 sticks $1.56 $3.12
Liquid I.V. Sugar-Free (US) $21.84 / 14 sticks $1.56 $3.12
Liquid I.V. Hydration Multiplier (UK) £19.99 / 16 sticks £1.25 £2.36
Liquid I.V. Sugar-Free (UK) £19.99 / 16 sticks £1.25 £2.60
LMNT Recharge (US) $45 / 30 sticks $1.50 $1.50
Nuun Sport (US) $7.49 / 10 tablets $0.75 $2.50
Pedialyte Powder Packs No price on the brand site (sold through retailers) Not shown Not shown
Ultimate Electrolytes, UK store £27.95 / 30 servings (£25.16 first subscription order) £0.93 (£0.84) £1.86 (£1.68)
Ultimate Electrolytes, US store $31.65 / 30 servings ($28.49 first subscription order) $1.06 ($0.95) $2.11 ($1.90)

List prices read 5 November 2026 (ours rechecked 6 November 2026) from each brand's own store; per-serving and per-sodium figures are our arithmetic from those prices and the panels above. We have not converted between pounds and dollars. Subscription discounts at other brands (for example 30% at Liquid I.V. US) are not included.

So is Liquid I.V. worth it? If you want a ready-made sugar and salt drink after hard, sweaty training, in heat or on a long journey, and you like the taste, it does that job well and the single sticks are convenient. If you drink one most days, the cost and the sugar add up, and a sugar-free mineral powder gives you the same sodium for less.

Liquid I.V. alternatives: which one fits you?

The right alternative depends on why you are reaching for a hydration drink. Here is how the options above line up by use.

Pick by what you need

Daily electrolytes with no sugar

Ultimate Electrolytes: 500 mg sodium, 500 mg potassium and 150 mg magnesium in 500 ml, no sugar, from £0.84 or $0.95 a serving for a new subscriber.

Sugar and salt after a hard, sweaty session

Liquid I.V. original (11 g sugar, 500 mg sodium in the US stick), or a salted meal and water if you are home.

Heavy, salty sweater

LMNT, at 1,000 mg sodium a stick, the most sodium per serving here and the cheapest per milligram.

A light, cheap tablet for the bottle

Nuun Sport: 300 mg sodium and 1 g sugar per tablet, $0.75 each.

For a deeper look at the head-to-heads, see our LMNT vs Liquid I.V. comparison, DripDrop vs Liquid I.V. and our round-up of the best sugar-free electrolyte powders.

How much sodium, potassium and magnesium a day? UK and US guidance

UK and US guidance use different reference values, so here they are side by side with what one serving of Liquid I.V. and of ours provides. Sodium has no UK NRV; the NHS gives a maximum for salt instead.

Nutrient UK reference US reference Liquid I.V. (US stick) Ultimate Electrolytes
Sodium NHS: no more than 6 g salt (about 2.4 g sodium) a day for adults FDA Daily Value 2,300 mg 500 mg 500 mg
Potassium NRV 2,000 mg NIH AI 3,400 mg men, 2,600 mg women 370 mg 500 mg
Magnesium NRV 375 mg NIH RDA 400 to 420 mg men, 310 to 320 mg women; supplement upper limit 350 mg Not on panel 150 mg
Added or free sugars NHS: no more than 30 g free sugars a day for adults Daily Value 50 g added sugars 11 g None in the ingredients

Sources: NHS salt and sugar guidance; FDA sodium and added sugars guidance; NIH Office of Dietary Supplements potassium and magnesium fact sheets; UK NRVs from Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 Annex XIII as retained in GB law.8,9,10,11,14,15,16

Can you drink Liquid I.V. every day?

The UK pack says not to exceed one stick a day, and that is a sensible ceiling wherever you buy it. One stick a day is unlikely to matter for a healthy, active adult, but it adds 500 to 530 mg of sodium (about a fifth to a quarter of the NHS salt maximum or the US Daily Value) and, for the original, 11 to 13 g of sugar or carbohydrate. If you drink one every morning out of habit rather than after sweating, the sugar-free stick or an unsweetened mineral powder is the lighter option. Our article on whether you can drink electrolytes every day goes into more detail.

"I always read the back of the pack with clients, not the front. Look at the sodium, the sugar and how many a day the label allows, then add up anything else you already have, such as a sports drink, salty snacks or a second sachet. If you have been told to watch your salt or your blood pressure, check with your GP before adding any electrolyte drink."

Sarah Law, Naturopathic Nutritionist | Optimised Female

Who should check before using Liquid I.V. or any electrolyte drink?

Most healthy adults can use an electrolyte drink occasionally without concern. Check with a doctor or pharmacist first if any of these apply:

  • You have been told to limit salt, or you have high blood pressure, heart failure or kidney disease.
  • You take medicines that affect potassium or fluid, such as some blood pressure tablets (ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers), potassium-sparing diuretics or other diuretics.
  • You manage your blood sugar: the original stick has 11 to 13 g of sugar or carbohydrate.
  • You are pregnant or breastfeeding: Liquid I.V.'s own FAQ refers this question to your doctor.
  • It is for a child, or for fluid loss from illness, where your doctor or pharmacist should guide the choice of product.

How we compared these drinks

We read every competitor figure from the brand's own website on 5 November 2026: the Liquid I.V. US nutrition panels and ingredient lists for the Lemon Lime original and sugar-free, the Liquid I.V. UK ingredients images for Lemon Lime and White Peach, LMNT's product page, Nuun's nutrition facts and Pedialyte's product nutrition information. Prices are list prices from each brand's own store that day, and per-serving costs are simple division. Our own figures come from our printed labels (Ultimate Electrolytes Raspberry v5, Orange & Lime v5 and Unflavoured v7) and the Certified Group lab report for lot 33447931. Where a brand does not publish a figure, the table says so rather than estimating it. Formulas change, so check the pack you buy.

Frequently asked questions

Is Liquid I.V. good for you?

It is a sensible drink after heavy sweating, heat or travel, because its mix of 500 mg sodium and 11 g sugar per US stick follows the oral rehydration principle that helps the gut absorb water. As an everyday drink for someone who has not been sweating, it mainly adds sodium and sugar. The sugar-free version removes the sugar.

Is Liquid I.V. worth it?

For occasional use after hard training or on hot days, many people find the single sticks convenient and worth the price. For daily use it is expensive: $1.56 a stick in the US and £1.25 in the UK, or $3.12 per 1,000 mg of sodium, against $1.50 for LMNT and $1.90 or £1.68 for Ultimate Electrolytes on a first subscription order.

How much sugar is in Liquid I.V.?

The original US Hydration Multiplier has 11 g of sugar per stick, all added, which is 22% of the US Daily Value and about 37% of the NHS 30 g daily maximum for free sugars. The UK original lists 13 g of carbohydrate per stick. The US Sugar-Free version shows 0 g sugars (it uses allulose), and the UK Sugar-Free prints under 0.5 g.

What is a good alternative to Liquid I.V.?

For electrolytes without sugar, Ultimate Electrolytes gives 500 mg sodium, 500 mg potassium and 150 mg magnesium per 500 ml serving with no sugar in the ingredients. LMNT offers more sodium (1,000 mg a stick) with no sugar, and Nuun Sport is a cheaper tablet with 300 mg sodium and 1 g sugar.

Is Liquid I.V. better than Pedialyte?

They are close on minerals: Pedialyte Powder Packs give 490 mg sodium, 370 mg potassium and 12 g added sugar per packet; Liquid I.V. gives 500 mg sodium, 370 mg potassium and 11 g added sugar per stick, both in 16 fl oz. Pedialyte is positioned for fluid loss including illness and says to use it under medical supervision; Liquid I.V. adds B vitamins and vitamin C and is sold as an everyday hydration drink.

Is the UK Liquid I.V. the same as the US version?

No. The UK original prints 530 mg sodium and 13 g carbohydrate per stick against 500 mg and 11 g sugar in the US. The UK Sugar-Free stick has 480 mg sodium, adds calcium, magnesium and six amino acids and uses no allulose, while the US Sugar-Free uses allulose, glutamine and alanine.

Sarah Law

About the Reviewer: Sarah Law, Dip CNM

Sarah Law is a Certified Naturopathic Nutritionist and Functional Practitioner specialising in hormonal health, gut health, and evidence-based nutrition. She holds a Diploma in Naturopathic Nutrition from the College of Naturopathic Medicine (CNM, London) and is a Certified Functional Health Coach. Sarah combines naturopathic principles with modern functional nutrition science to help her clients make informed health decisions.

Learn more about Sarah.

Ben Law

About the Author: Ben Law

Ben Law is the founder of Love Life Supplements and host of the Optimised Health Show. He is a qualified Advanced Dietary Supplement Advisor and Primal Blueprint Certified Expert, and has spent 14 years building transparent, research-led formulations manufactured to GMP and BRC standards. He wrote this review from each brand's own product pages, nutrition panels and ingredient lists, the published rehydration and sweat research, NHS, FDA and NIH guidance, and our own label and lab data.

Liquid I.V., Hydration Multiplier, LMNT, Nuun and Pedialyte are trademarks of their respective owners and are not affiliated with Love Life Supplements. Learn more about Ben.

References

  1. Binder HJ, Brown I, Ramakrishna BS, Young GP. Oral rehydration therapy in the second decade of the twenty-first century. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2014;16(3):376. PubMed
  2. Maughan RJ, Watson P, Cordery PA, et al. A randomized trial to assess the potential of different beverages to affect hydration status: development of a beverage hydration index. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(3):717-723. PubMed
  3. Barnes KA, Anderson ML, Stofan JR, et al. Normative data for sweating rate, sweat sodium concentration, and sweat sodium loss in athletes: An update and analysis by sport. J Sports Sci. 2019;37(20):2356-2366. PubMed
  4. Maughan RJ, Leiper JB. Sodium intake and post-exercise rehydration in man. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1995;71(4):311-319. PubMed
  5. Shirreffs SM, Taylor AJ, Leiper JB, Maughan RJ. Post-exercise rehydration in man: effects of volume consumed and drink sodium content. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;28(10):1260-1271. PubMed
  6. American College of Sports Medicine; Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(2):377-390. PubMed
  7. Baker LB. Sweating Rate and Sweat Sodium Concentration in Athletes: A Review of Methodology and Intra/Interindividual Variability. Sports Med. 2017;47(Suppl 1):111-128. PubMed
  8. NHS. Salt: the facts. nhs.uk
  9. US Food and Drug Administration. Sodium in your diet. fda.gov
  10. NHS. Sugar: the facts. nhs.uk
  11. US Food and Drug Administration. Added sugars on the Nutrition Facts label. fda.gov
  12. US Food and Drug Administration. The declaration of allulose and calories from allulose on Nutrition and Supplement Facts labels: guidance for industry. fda.gov
  13. Department of Health and Social Care. Great Britain nutrition and health claims (NHC) register. gov.uk
  14. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Potassium: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. ods.od.nih.gov
  15. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Magnesium: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. ods.od.nih.gov
  16. Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, Annex XIII (reference intakes), as retained in GB law. legislation.gov.uk
  17. Liquid I.V. Lemon Lime Hydration Multiplier and Hydration Multiplier Sugar-Free (US), product pages, nutrition panels and FAQ, read 5 November 2026. liquid-iv.com; sugar-free
  18. Liquid I.V. UK Hydration Multiplier and Sugar-Free, product pages and ingredients images, read 5 November 2026. liquid-iv.co.uk; sugar-free
  19. LMNT Recharge product page, read 5 November 2026. drinklmnt.com
  20. Nuun Sport product page and nutrition facts, read 5 November 2026. nuunlife.com
  21. Pedialyte Powder Packs (Grape), product nutrition information, read 5 November 2026. pedialyte.com
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